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Michael Wallis Ross
mross@sph.uth.tmc.edu

Education

  • Massey University, New Zealand (in Psychology) B.A. and B.A.(Hons)
  • University of the State of New York, Albany, U.S.A (in Sociology) B.S.
  • Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (in Social-Clinical Psychology) M.A.
  • University of New England, Australia Diploma in Tertiary Ed.
  • University of Melbourne, Australia (in Social Psychology) Ph.D.
  • University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Doctoral studies in Social Work: ABD)
  • University of Adelaide, Australia (in Health Education and Epidemiology) M.P.H.
  • University of New South Wales, Australia M. Health Personnel Ed.
  • Prince of Songkla University, Thailand Diploma in STDs
Post Doctoral
  • Institute of Sociology, University of Helsinki, Finland
Employment
  • Professor (with tenure), Center for Health Promotion Research and Development, School of Public Health, University of Texas at Houston 1993-

  • Professor (Cross-appointment) Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Texas at Houston 1996-

  • Director, University of New South Wales Unit, National Centre in HIV Social Research, School of Community Medicine (Associate Professor) 1990-1993

  • Co-ordinator, WHO International Training Course on Counselling and Risk Reduction in HIV Infection and Disease, WHO Regional Training Centre, 1990-1993 University of New South Wales

  • National Health and Medical Research Council, Senior Research Fellow, The Sydney Hospital 1989-1990
Licensure/Registration
  • Chartered Psychologist, United Kingdom
Books
  1. Ross, M.W. The Married Homosexual Man: A Psychological Study. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983.

  2. Ross, M.W. (ed.) Homosexuality and Social Sex Roles. New York: Haworth Press, 1983.

  3. Ross, M.W. (ed.) Homosexuality, Masculinity and Femininity. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1985.

  4. Walters, W.A.W., & Ross, M.W. (eds.) Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1986.

  5. Ross, M.W. Psychovenereology: Personality and Lifestyle Factors in Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Homosexual Men. New York: Praeger, 1986.

  6. Ross, M.W. (ed.) The Treatment of Homosexuals with Mental Health Disorders. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1988.

  7. Ross, M.W. (ed.) Psychopathology and Psychotherapy in Homosexuality. New York: Haworth Press, 1988.

  8. Ross, M.W, & Channon-Little, L.C. Discussing Sexuality: A Guide for Health Practitioners. Sydney: MacLennan and Petty, 1991.

    Italian translation as: Ross, M.W., & Channon-Little, L.C. Anamnesi, Diagnosi e Counselling in Sessuologia: Disfunzioni sessuali. Malattie Trasmissibili Sessualemente. Milano: Mediserve, 1992.

  9. Bennett, L., Miller, D., & Ross, M.W. (eds.) Health Workers and AIDS: Research, Intervention and Current Issues in Burnout and Response. London: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995.

  10. Ross, M.W. (ed.) HIV/AIDS and Sexuality. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1995.

  11. Lewis, L.A., & Ross, M.W. A Select Body: The Gay Dance Party Subculture and the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. London: Cassell, 1995.

  12. Nilsson Schönnesson, L. and Ross, M.W. Coping with HIV Infection: Psychological and existential Responses in Gay Men. New York: Plenum Press, 1999.

  13. Ross, M.W., Channon-Little, L.C., and Rosser, B.R.S. Sexual Health Concerns: Interviewing and History Taking for Health Practitioners. Sydney: MacLennan and Petty/ Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1999.
Government Report
  1. Coleman, E., Hyde, J.S., and Ross, M.W. (eds). The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior. Washington DC: DHHS, 2001.
Refereed Publications

Journal Papers

  1. Ross, M.W. Relationship between sex role and sex orientation in homosexual men. New Zealand Psychologist, 1975, 4(1), 25-29.

  2. Ross, M.W. Paradigm lost or paradigm regained: Behaviour modification and homosexuality. New Zealand Psychologist, 1977, 6(1), 42-51.

  3. Ross, M.W. Societal reaction theory: a phenomenological approach. Melbourne Psychology Reports, 1977, 42, 1-17.

  4. Ross, M.W., Rogers, L.J., & McCulloch, H. Stigma, sex and society: a new look at gender differentiation and sexual variation. Journal of Homosexuality, 1978, 3(4), 315-330.

  5. Ross, M.W. The relationship of perceived societal hostility,conformity and psychological adjustment in homosexual males. Journal of Homosexuality, 1978, 4(2), 157-168.

  6. Ross, M.W. The ethics of animal experimentation: control in practice. Australian Psychologist, 1978, 13, 375-378.

  7. Ross, M.W. Some possible relationship between brain structure and behaviour in Cetaceans. Melbourne Psychology Reports, 1978, 48, 1-18.

  8. Ross, M.W., & Talikka, A. Finland and homosexuality. Psychiatric News, 1978, 13(14), 2 & 10.

  9. Ross, M.W., & Talikka, A. Societal pressure, the homosexual and the role of psychiatry. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidskrift, 1978, 32, 543-546.

  10. Ross, M .W. Brain and behaviour in Cetaceans. Submissions to the Commission of Inquiry into Whales and Whaling, 1978, 2, 57-93.

  11. Ross, M.W. Bisexuality: fact or fallacy: British Journal of Sexual Medicine, 1979, 6(45), 49-50.

  12. Ross, M.W. Homosexuality and venereal disease. British Journal of Sexual Medicine, 1979, 6(46), 32-33.

  13. Ross, M.W. Heterosexual marriage of homosexual males: some associated factors. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 1979, 5(2), 142-151.

  14. Ross, M.W., & Stålström, O.W. Exorcism as psychiatric treatment: a homosexual case study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1979, 8(4), 379-383.

  15. Ross, M.W., & Talikka, A. Homosexual labelling and cultural control. Psychiatric Opinion, 1979, 16(10), 31-33.

  16. Wålinder, J., Lundström, B., Ross, M.W., & Thuwe, I. Transsexualism: incidence, prevalence and sex ratio. Proceedings of the Sixth International Gender Dysphoria Symposium, 1979.

  17. Sidanius, J., Ekehammar, B., & Ross, M.W. Comparisons of sociopolitical attitudes between democratic societies. International Journal of Psychology, 1979, 14, 225-240.

  18. Ross, M.W. Why people change their sex: an empirical view. Australian Left Review, 1979, October, 71, 21.

  19. Ross, M.W. Psychological malpractice and the anti-cult battle: the brain awash. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 1979, 14, 201-210.

  20. Ross, M.W. Retrospective distortion in homosexual research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1980, 9, 523-531.

  21. Orr, K., & Ross, M.W. Homosexuality in clinical and biblical context. Journal of Christian Education. 1980, 69, 37-48.

  22. Andrew, G.M., & Ross, M.W. A short form of the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Journal of Psychiatric Treatment and Evaluation, 1981, 3, 563-566.

  23. Ross, M.W., Wålinder, J., Lundström, B., & Thuwe, I. Cross-cultural approaches to transsexualism: a comparison between Sweden and Australia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1981, 63, 75-82.

  24. Ross, M.W. The ethics of experiments on higher animals. Social Science and Medicine, 1981, 15F, 52-61.*

  25. Ross, M.W. Attitudes of male homosexuals to venereal disease clinics. Medical Journal of Australia, 1981, 2, 670-671.

  26. Ross, M.W. Social factors in homosexually acquired venereal disease: a comparison between Sweden and Australia. British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 1982, 58, 263-268.

  27. Ross, M.W. Some effects of heterosexual marriage on homosexual desire. Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family, 1982, 3(1), 25-29.

  28. Ross, M.W. The ethics of animal experimentation in medicine. New Doctor, 1982, 24, 12-13.

  29. Badcock, K.A., & Ross, M.W. Neuropsychological testing of Australian Aboriginals. Australian Psychologist, 1982, 17, 297-299.

  30. Ross, M.W., Campbell, R.L., & Clayer, J.R. New inventory for measurement of parental rearing patterns: an English form of the EMBU. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1982, 66, 499-507.

  31. Ross, M.W. Societal relationships and gender role in homosexuals: a cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Sex Research, 1983, 19, 273-288.

  32. Ross, M.W. Clinical profiles of Hare Krishna devotees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1983, 140, 416-420.

  33. Ross, M.W., Kalucy, R.S., & Morton, J.E. Locus of control in obesity: predictors of success in a jaw-wiring programme. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1983, 56, 49-56.

  34. Ross, M.W. Counselling the homosexual patient. Patient Management, 1983, 7(7), 117-123.

  35. Ross, M.W. Mental health and membership of the Hare Krishnas: a case study. Australian Psychologist, 1983, 18, 128-129.

  36. Ross, M.W. Homosexuality and social sex roles: a re-evaluation. Journal of Homosexuality, 1983, 9(1), 1-6.*

  37. Ross, M.W. Femininity, masculinity and sexual orientation: some cross cultural relationships. Journal of Homosexuality, 1983, 9(1), 27-36.*

  38. Hafner, R.J., & Ross, M.W. Predicting the outcome of behavior therapy for agoraphobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 1983, 21, 375-382.

  39. Ross, M.W., Clayer, J.R., & Campbell, R.L. Parental rearing patterns and suicidal thoughts. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1983, 67, 429-433.

  40. Ross, M.W. Predictive value of selection interviews in success in first year medicine. Medical Journal of Australia, 1983, 2, 423-424.

  41. Adcock, N.V., & Ross, M.W. Early memories, early experiences and personality. Social Behaviour and Personality, 1983, 11, 95-100.

  42. Ross, M.W., Clayer, J.R., & Campbell, R.L. Dimensions of child-rearing practices: factor structure of the EMBU. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1983, 68, 476-483.

  43. Campbell, R.L., Clayer, J.R., & Ross, M.W. An Australian standardisation of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Australian Council for Educational Research Bulletin, 1983, 34, 22-25.

  44. Ross, M.W., & Need, J.A. Teaching sexual medicine: the Flinders curriculum. British Journal of Sexual Medicine, 1984, 11, 94-96.

  45. Ross, M.W. Problems with research on Hare Krishna Devotees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1984, 141,144.

  46. Ross, M.W. Intelligence testing in Australian Aboriginals. Comparitive Education, 1984, 20, 371-375.

  47. Clayer, J.R., Campbell, R.L., & Ross, M.W. Parental rearing and transient thought disorder in young adults. Psychopathology, 1984, 17, 9-16.

  48. Ross, M.W. Designing sexual medicine courses: a model. Medical Education, 1984, 18, 24-30.

  49. Ross, M.W. Sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men: a study of four societies. British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 1984, 60, 52-55.

  50. Ross, M.W., Goss, A.N., & Kalucy, R.S. The relationship of panic-fear to anxiety and tension in jaw wiring for obesity. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1984, 57, 67-69.

  51. Ross, M.W. Social and psychological predictors of STD infection in homosexual men: a study of four countries. British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 1984, 60, 110-113.

  52. Hafner, R.J., & Ross, M.W. Agoraphobia in women: factor analysis of symptoms and personality correlates of factor scores in a clinical population. Behavior Research and Therapy, 1984, 22, 441-444.

  53. Ross, M.W. Predictors of partner numbers in homosexual men: psychosocial factors in four societies. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1984, 11, 119-122.

  54. Ross, M.W., & Stålström, O.W. Attitudes to venereal disease clinics in Finnish homosexual men. European Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1984, 1, 169-171.

  55. Clayer, J.R., Bookless, C., & Ross, M.W. Neurosis and conscious symptom exaggeration: its differentiation by the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1984, 28, 237-241.

  56. Forrest, Q.C., & Ross, M.W. Predictors of neurosis in migrants: Greek-ltalian and male-female differences. American Journal of Social Psychiatry, 1984, 4, 52-56.

  57. Ross, M.W. Beyond the biological model: new directions in homosexual and bisexual research. Journal of Homosexuality, 1984, 10(3&4), 63-70.

  58. Ross, M.W. Selection of medical students: problems and prospects. Australian Family Physician, 1985, 14, 1076-1081.

  59. Ross, M.W. Actual and anticipated societal reaction to homosexuality and adjustment in two societies. Journal of Sex Research, 1985, 21, 40-55.

  60. Ross, M.W. Sexual practices as risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men. European Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1985, 2, 159-162.

  61. Clayer, J.R., Ross, M.W., & Campbell, R.L. Child rearing patterns and dimensions of personality. Social Behaviour and Personality, 1984, 12, 153-156.

  62. Ross, M.W. Psychotherapy as a model for interpersonal dynamics in tertiary teaching. Higher Education, 1984, 13, 717-729.

  63. Ross, M.W. Psychosocial factors in admitting to homosexuality in sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1985, 12, 83-86.

  64. Ross, M.W., Drew, P.A., & Beal, R.W. Characteristics of homosexual men who donate blood. Medical Journal of Australia, 1985, 142, 343-344.

  65. Ross, M.W. Interventions to minimise AIDS. Medical Journal of Australia, 1985, 142, 279-280.

  66. Perris, C., Arrindell, W.A., Perris, H., van der Ende, J., Maj, M., Benjaminsen,S., Ross, M., Eisemann, M., & del Vecchio, M. Cross-national study of perceived parental rearing behaviour in healthy subjects from Australia, Denmark, Italy, The Netherlands and Sweden: pattern and level comparisons. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1985, 72, 278-282.

  67. Understanding the Homosexual Patient. Patient Management, 1985, 9, 15-25.

  68. Ross, M.W. Mental health in Hare Krishna devotees: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Social Psychiatry, 1985, 5, 65-67.

  69. Ross, M.W. Social and behavioural aspects of male homosexuality. Medical Clinics of North America, 1986, 70, 537-549.*

  70. Sinclair, K.C.P., & Ross, M.W. Consequences of decriminalisation of homosexuality: a study of two Australian states. Journal of Homosexuality, 1986, 12, 119-127.

  71. Clayer, J.R., Bookless-Pratz, C., & Ross, M.W. Evaluation of illness behaviour and exaggeration of disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1986, 148, 296-299.

  72. Ross, M.W., & Cameron, A.S. Epidemiology of AIDS retrovirus infection in South Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 1986, 144, 614-615.

  73. Arrindell, W.A., Perris, C., Eisemann, M., Perris, H., van der Ende, J., Ross, M.W., Benjaminsen, S., Gaszner, P., & del Vecchio, M. Cross-national generalizability of patterns of parental rearing practices: invariance of EMBU dimensional representations of healthy subjects from Australia, Denmark, Hungary, Italy and the Netherlands. Personality and Individual Differences, 1986, 7, 103-112.

  74. Ross, M.W. Illness behavior among patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1987, 14, 174-179.

  75. Millan, G ., & Ross, M.W. AIDS and gay youth: attitudes and lifestyle modifications in young homosexual men. Community Health Studies, 1987, 11, 50-53.

  76. Ross, M.W., & Herbert, P. Responses of homosexual men to AIDS. Medical Journal of Australia, 1987, 146, 280.

  77. Ross, M.W. Problems with condom use in homosexual men. American Journal of Public Health, 1987, 77, 877.

  78. Ross, M.W., & Rosser, B.R.S. Pretest counselling for AIDS screening: a guide for the clinician. Patient Management, 1987, 11(7), 93-103.

  79. Ross, M.W. Ego-dystonic heterosexuality: a case study. Journal of Homosexuality, 1988, 15(1&2), 7-11.*

    Italian translation as: Ross, M.W. Un caso di eterosessualità ego-distonica. La Fenice di Babilonia, 1996, 1, 9-13.

  80. Ross, M.W., Paulsen, J.A., & Stålström, O.W. Homosexuality and mental health: a review. Journal of Homosexuality, 1988, 15(1&2), 131-152.*

  81. Ross, M.W. Gay youth in four cultures: a comparitive study. Journal of Homosexuality, 1989, 17, 299-314.*

  82. Ross, M.W., & Rosser, B.R.S. Counselling issues in AlDS-related syndromes: a review. Patient Education and Counselling, 1988, 11, 17-28.

  83. Ross, M.W. Components and structure of attitudes toward AIDS. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1988, 39, 1306-1308.

  84. Ross, M.W. Effects of membership of Scientology on personality. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1988, 27, 630-636.

  85. Ross, M.W., & Rosser, B.R.S. Monogamy is.... Genitourinary Medicine, 1988, 64, 65-66.

  86. Ross, M.W., & Arrindell, W.A. Perceived parental rearing practices of homosexual and heterosexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 1988, 24, 275-281.

  87. Ross, M.W., & Need, J.A. Effects of adequacy of gender reassignment surgery on psychological adjustment: a follow-up of fourteen patients. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1989, 18, 145-153.

  88. Ross, M.W. Prevalence of risk factors for AIDS infection in the Australian population. Medical Journal of Australia, 1988, 149, 362-365.

  89. Ross, M.W., Burnard, D., & Campbell, I.M. Utility of the Gd scale for the measurement of gender dysphoria in males. Psychological Reports, 1988, 63, 87-90.

  90. Ross, M.W., Carson, J.A., Cass, V.C., Hart, J., & Wilson, P. Knowledge of AIDS in Australia: a national study. Health Education Research, 1988, 3, 367-373.

  91. Ross, M.W. AIDS and the pursuit of happiness: some problems associated with psychosocial discrimination. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 1988, 23, 103-111.

  92. Rosser, B.R.S., & Ross, M.W. Perceived emotional and life change impact of AIDS on homosexual men in two countries. Psychology and Health, 1988, 2, 301-317.

  93. Ross, M.W., & Rosser, B.R.S. Counselling the patient with an STD infection. Patient Management, 1988, 17(8), 73-84.

  94. Ross, M.W. Distribution of knowledge of AIDS: a national study. Social Science and Medicine, 1988, 27, 1295-1298.

  95. Ross, M.W., & Carson, J.A. Effectiveness of distribution of information on AIDS: a national study of six media in Australia. New York State Journal of Medicine, 1988, 88, 239-241.

  96. Ross, M.W. Attitudes toward condoms as AIDS prophylaxis in homosexual men: dimensions and measurement. Psychology and Health, 1988, 2, 291-299.

  97. Ross, M.W. AIDS phobias: a report of four cases. Psychopathology, 1988, 21, 26-30.

  98. Ross, M.W. The relationship of combinations of AIDS counselling and testing to safer sex and condom use in homosexual men. Community Health Studies, 1988, 12, 322-327.

  99. Ross, M.W. Prevalence of classes of risk behaviors for HIV infection in a randomly selected population. Journal of Sex Research, 1988, 25, 441-450.

  100. Ross, M.W. Personality factors which differentiate homosexual men with positive and negative attitudes toward condom use. New York State Journal of Medicine, 1988, 88, 626-628.

  101. Ross, M.W., & Seeger, V. Burnout in health professionals associated with care of patients with AIDS: predictors and dimensions. AIDS, 1988, 2, 395-398.

  102. Rosser, B.R.S., & Ross, M.W. A gay life events scale for homosexual men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 1989, 1(2), 87-101.

  103. Ross, M.W. Psychological ethical aspects of AIDS. Journal of Medical Ethics, 1989, 15, 71-84.

  104. Ross, M.W., & Bell, A.C. Perceptions of AIDS: a pilot comparison with views of other selected disorders and their implications for further research. Community Health Studies, 1989, 13, 220-226.

  105. Ross, M.W. Married homosexual men: prevalence and background. Marriage and Family Review, 1989, 14, 35-57.*

  106. Ross, M.W., Tebble, W.E.M., & Viliunas, D. Staging of reactions to AIDS virus infection in asymptomatic homosexual men. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 1989, 2, 93-104.

  107. Hafner, R.J., & Ross, M.W. The FIRO model of family therapy: implications of factor analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1989, 45, 974-979.

  108. Rosser, B.R.S., & Ross, M.W. Stress and anti-HIV status. Venereology, 1989, 2, 91.

  109. Ross, M.W., & Rosser, B.R.S. A review of education and AIDS risks, with special reference to homosexual men. In: Living with AIDS: Report of the Third National Conference on AIDS. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Office, 1988.

  110. Ross, M.W. Reactions to HIV positive status. In: Living with AIDS: Report of the Third National Conference on AIDS. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Office, 1988.

  111. Ross, M.W., Caudle, C., & Taylor, J. Social issues in AIDS prevention in adolescents: dimensions and measurement. Journal of School Health, 1989, 59, 308-311.

  112. Rigby, K., Anagnostou, P., Brown, M., Ross, M.W., & Rosser, B.R.S. Shock tactics to counter AIDS: the Australian experience. Psychology and Health, 1989, 3, 145-159.

  113. Arrindell, W.A., Ross, M.W., Bridges, K.R., van Hout, W., Hofman, A., & Sanderman, R. Fear of AIDS: are there replicable, invariant questionnaire dimensions: Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1989, 11, 69-115.

  114. Ross, M.W., & Rosser, B.R.S. AIDS risks and education: a review. Health Education Research, 1989, 4, 273-284.

  115. Ross, M.W. Principles of patient counselling. Viral Therapy in General Practice,1989, 4, 1-3.

  116. Ross, M.W., Freedman, B., & Brew, R. Changes in sexual behaviour between 1986 and 1988 in matched samples of homosexually active men. Community Health Studies, 1989, 13, 276-280.

  117. Ross, M.W. Possible explanations of variation in admission of homosexual contact in population surveys. AIDS, 1989, 3, 670.

  118. Ross, M.W., & Hunter, C.E. Reactions to AIDS patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1989, 40, 1077.

  119. Coleman, E., Gooren, L.J.G., & Ross, M.W. Theories of gender transpositions: a critique and suggestions for further research. Journal of Sex Research, 1989, 26, 525-538*.

  120. Ross, M.W., & McLaws, M-L. Normative beliefs are better predictors of condom use and intention to use than behavioral beliefs. Health Education Research, 1992, 7, 335-339.

  121. Ross, M.W. Reasons for non-use of condoms by homosexually active men during anal intercourse. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 1990, 1, 432-434.

  122. Ross, M.W. Psychological determinants of increased condom use and safer sex in homosexual men: a longitudinal study. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 1990, 1, 98-101.

  123. Ross, M.W., & Hafner, R.J. A comparison of the factor structure of the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index across sex and psychiatric status. Personality and Individual Differences, 1990, 11, 733-739.

  124. Ross, M.W. Transsexualism and transvestism. Patient Management, 1991, 20, 89-94.

  125. Ross, M.W. The relationship between life events and mental health in homosexual men. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1990, 46, 402-411.

  126. Ross, M.W., Rigby, K., Rosser, B.R.S., Brown, M., & Anagnostou, P. The effect of a national campaign on attitudes toward AIDS. AIDS Care, 1990, 2, 339-346.

  127. McLaws, M-L., Oldenburg, B., Ross, M.W., & Cooper, D.A. Sexual behaviour in AlDS-related research: reliability and validity of recall and diary measures. Journal of Sex Research, 1990, 27, 265-281.

  128. Ross, M.W., Gold, J., Wodak, A.D., & Miller, M.E. Sexually transmissible diseases in injecting drug users. Genitourinary Medicine, 1991, 67, 32-36.

  129. Ross, M.W., & Rosser, B.R.S. Dimensions of sexual behaviour in homosexual men: replicability across time and country. Psychological Reports, 1991, 68, 607-612.

  130. Ross, M.W, & Drew, P.D. Effects of nitrite use on mitogenesis in homosexual men. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 1991, 2, 133-135.

  131. Ross, M.W., & Hunter, C.E. Dimensions, content and validation of the Fear of AIDS Schedule in health professionals. AIDS Care, 1991, 3, 175-180.

  132. Ross, M.W., & Hunter, C.E. Replication of the factor structure of the Fear of AlDS Schedule across samples. Psychology and Health, 1992, 6, 39-44 .

  133. Kumar, B., & Ross, M.W. Homosexual behaviour and HIV infection risks in Indian males: a cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 1991, 2, 442-444.

  134. Ross, M.W. Attitudes toward condoms and condom use: a review. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 1992, 3, 10-16.

  135. Ross, M.W, & Gregson, R.A.M. Some problems in estimating the reproductive rate of HIV infection. Archives of AIDS Research, 1991, 5, 1-4.

  136. Ross, M.W., Chapman, S., Wodak, A., Miller, M.E., & Gold, J. Media sources of HIV/AIDS information in injecting drug users. Australian Journal of Public Health, 1992, 16, 324-327.

  137. Ross, M.W. The GP's role as counsellor in HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS: A Developing Issue for General Practitioners, 1991, 4, 10-12.

  138. Rosser, B.R.S., & Ross, M.W. Psychological resistance in AIDS counselling. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 1991, 1(4), 93-114.

  139. Ross, M W., Caudle, C., & Taylor, J. Relationship of AIDS education and knowledge to AlDS-related social skills in adolescents. Journal of School Health, 1991, 61, 351-354.

  140. Wodak, A., Shaw, J.M., Gaughwin, M.D., Ross, M.W., Miller, M., & Gold, J. Behind bars: HIV risk-taking behaviour of Sydney male drug injectors while in prison. In: Norberry J, Gaughwin M, & Gerull, S.A. (eds) HIV/AIDS and Prisons. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology Conference Proceedings 4, 1991, 239-44.

  141. Ross, M .W. Factors affecting information and education, and behaviour change. AIDS Care, 1991, 3, 419-421.

  142. Ross, M.W., Wodak, A., Gold, J., & Miller, M.E. Differences across sexual orientation on HIV risk behaviours in injecting drug users. AIDS Care, 1992, 4, 139-148.

  143. Ross, M.W., & Paul, J.P. Beyond gender: the basis of sexual attraction in bisexual men and women. Psychological Reports, 1992, 71, 1283-1290.*

  144. Ross, M.W., Wodak, A., Miller, M.E., & Gold, J. Sexual partner choice in injecting drug users from a "critical incident" measure: its implications for estimating HIV spread. Sexological Review, 1993, 1, 77-92.

  145. Ross, M.W, Wodak, A., & Gold, J. Sexual behaviour in injecting drug users. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 1992, 5, 89-104.

  146. Kelaher, M., & Ross, M.W. Sources of bias in perception of HIV risk by injecting drug users. Psychological Reports, 1992, 69,771-774.

  147. Stowe, A., Ross, M.W., & Wodak, A. Contact between injecting drug users and general practitioners and its implications for health education. Journal of the Royal Society of Health, 1992, 112, 122-123.

  148. Stowe, A., Ross, M.W., Wodak, A., Thomas, G.V., & Larson, S.A. Significant relationships and social supports of injecting drug users and their implications for HIV/AIDS services. AIDS Care, 1993, 5, 23-33.*

  149. Ross M.W., Wodak, A., & Gold, J. Needle cleaning is associated with reduced seroprevalence among injecting drug users sharing injection equipment. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1992, 5, 849-850.

  150. Treffke H., Tiggemann, M., & Ross, M.W. The relationship between attitude, assertiveness and condom use. Psychology and Health, 1992, 6, 45-52.

  151. Ross, M.W., & Darke, S. Mad, bad and dangerous to know: dimensions and measurement of attitudes towards injecting drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1992, 30, 71-74.

  152. Alvos, L., Gregson, R.A.M., & Ross, M.W. Future-time perspective in current and previous injecting drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1993, 31, 193-197.

  153. Hunter, C.E., & Ross, M.W. Determinants of health care workers' attitudes toward people with AIDS. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1991, 21, 947-956.

  154. Bennett, L., Kelaher, M.A., & Ross, M.W. The impact of working with HIV/AIDS on health care professionals: development of the AIDS Impact Scale. Psychology and Health, 1994, 9, 221-232.

  155. Crofts, N., Silvester, C., & Ross, M.W. Absence of makers for HTLV infection among Australian injecting drug users. Medical Journal of Australia, 1992, 157, 70-71.

  156. Ross, M.W., Wodak, A., Stowe, A., & Gold, J. Explanations for sharing injection equipment in injecting drug users and barriers to safer use. Addiction, 1994, 89, 473-479.

  157. Ross, M.W., Buzolic, A., Wodak, A., Stowe, A., Gold, J., & Miller, M.E. Structure and measurement of dimensions of risk for HIV transmission in injecting drug users. Drug and Alcohol Review, 1992, 11, 231-237.

  158. Barber, J.G., Crisp, B.R., Ross, M.W., Wodak, A., Miller, M.E., & Gold, J. The social behaviour of injecting drug users. British Journal of Social Work, 1992, 22, 455-462.

  159. Hall, W., Darke, S., Ross, M.W., & Wodak, A. Patterns of drug use and risk-taking among injecting amphetamine and opioid users in Sydney, Australia. Addiction, 1993, 88, 509-516.

  160. Darke, S., Hall, W., Ross, M.W., & Wodak, A. Benzodiazepine use and HIV risk-taking behaviour among injecting drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1992, 31, 31-36.

  161. Ross, M.W., Stowe, A., Loxley, W., & Wodak, A. "Home Bake" heroin use by injecting drug users. Medical Journal of Australia, 1992, 157, 283-284.

  162. Ross M.W., Stowe, A., Wodak A., Miller M.E., & Gold J. A comparison of drug use and HIV infection risk behaviour between injecting drug users currently-in-treatment, previously-in-treatment and never-in-treatment. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6, 518-528.

  163. Crisp B.R., Barber J.G., Ross M.W., Wodak A., Gold J., & Miller M.E. Injecting drug users and HIV/AIDS: risk behaviours and risk perception. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1993, 33, 73-80.

  164. Crisp B.R., Barber J.G., Ross M.W., Wodak A., Gold J., & Miller M.E. Predictors of unsafe injecting drug use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 1994, 13, 13-19.

  165. Ross, M.W. Men who have sex with men: a summary of findings from the 1992 International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam. AIDS Care, 1992, 4, 457-459.

  166. Darke, S., Ross, M.W., & Hall, W. Benzodiazepine prescribing and injecting drug users. Medical Journal of Australia, 1992, 157, 573-574.

  167. Bell, P.F., Williams, A.K., Ross, M.W., Boswarva, P.A., & Strunin, L. HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes of accident and emergency health care professionals. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 1993, 4(4), 7-14.

  168. Furner, V., & Ross, M.W. Lifestyle clues in the recognition of HIV infection: how to take a sexual history. Medical Journal of Australia, 1993, 158, 40-41.*

  169. Dwyer R., Richardson D., Ross M.W., Wodak A., Miller M.E., & Gold, J. Gender differences in HIV risks among injecting drug users. AIDS Education and Prevention, 1994, 6, 379-389.

  170. Ross, M.W., Loxley, W., Wodak, A., Buzolic, A., Monheit, B., & Stowe, A. Positive predictive value and possible explanation for self-reported false positive HIV antibody test results in injecting drug users. American Journal of Public Health, 1993, 83, 1349-1350.

  171. Carne, P.T., Ross, M.W., & Kemp, R.J. A practitioner's guide to HIV testing. Medical Journal of Australia, 1993, 158, 267-268.*

  172. Ross, M.W., Jeffords, K., & Gold, J. Reasons for entry into, and understanding of HIV/AIDS clinical trials: a preliminary study. AIDS Care, 1994, 6, 77-82.

  173. Akande, D., & Ross, M.W. Fears of AIDS in Nigerian students: dimensions of the Fear of AIDS Schedule (FAIDSS) in West Africa. Social Science and Medicine, 1994, 38, 339-342.

  174. Gold R.S., Skinner, M.J., & Ross, M.W. Unprotected intercourse in HIV-infected and non-HlV-infected gay men. Journal of Sex Research, 1994, 31, 59-77.

  175. Ross, M.W., Stowe, A., Wodak, A., & Gold, J. Changes in equipment sharing in injecting drug users in Sydney 1989-1990. Drug and Alcohol Review, 1993, 12, 277-281.

  176. Bennett, L., Kelaher, M., & Ross, M.W. Quality of life in health care professionals: burnout and its associated factors in HIV/AIDS related care. Psychology and Health, 1994, 9, 273-283.

  177. Ross, M.W., Kelaher, M., Wodak, A., & Gold, J. Predictors of intoxicated sex in injecting drug users. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 1994, 13, 69-80.

  178. Lowy, E., & Ross, M.W. "It'll never happen to me": gay men's beliefs, perceptions and folk constructions of sexual risk. AIDS Education and Prevention, 1994, 6, 467-482.

  179. Ross, M.W., Stowe, A., Wodak, A., Miller, M.E., & Gold, J. Predictors of HIV status among injecting drug users and health promotion. Journ

    Chapters

    1. Ross, M.W. The ethics of experiments on higher animals. In: Keehn, J.D. (ed.), The Ethics of Psychological Research. Oxford: Pergamon, 1982, 51-60.

    2. Ross, M.W. Mitä homoseksuaalisuus on: Tieteellisiä näkökantoja (What is homosexuality: The scientific evidence). In Sievers, K., & Stålström, O.W. (eds.), Rakkauden Monet Kasvot. Homoseksuaalisesta Rakkaudesta, Ihmisoikeuksista Ja Vapautumisesta. (The Many Faces of Love. On Homosexual Love, Human Rights and Liberation). Tapiola: Weilin & Göös, 1984, 161-190.

    3. Stålström, O.W., & Ross, M.W. Ihmissuhteet, elämäntavat ja identiteetit (Identities, relationships and lifestyles). In: Sievers, K., & Stålström, O.W. (eds.), Rakkauden Monet Kasvot. Homoseksuaalisesta Rakkaudesta. Ihmisoikeuksista Ja Vapautumisesta. (The Many Faces of Love. On Homosexual Love, Human Rights, and Liberation). Tapiola: Weilin & Göös, 1984, 38-83.

    4. Ross, M.W. Psychovenereology and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. In: Nichols, S.E., & Ostrow, D.G. (eds.), Psychiatric Implications of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1984, 111-121.

    5. Ross, M.W. Homosexuality and social sex roles: a re-evaluation. In: Ross, M.W. (ed.), Homosexuality and Social Sex Roles. New York: Haworth Press, 1983, 1-6.

    6. Ross, M.W. Femininity, masculinity and sexual orientation: some cross-cultural comparisons. In: Ross, M.W. (ed.), Homosexuality and Social Sex Roles. New York: Haworth Press, 1983, 27-36.

    7. Ross, M.W. Gender identity: male, female or a third gender? In: Walters, W.A.W., & Ross, M.W. (eds.), Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1986, 1-8.

    8. Burnard, D., & Ross, M.W. Psychosocial aspects and psychological testing: What can psychological testing reveal? In: Walters, W.A.W., & Ross, M.W. (eds.), Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1986, 52-63.

    9. Walters, W.A.W., Kennedy, T., & Ross, M.W. Results of gender reassignment: is it all worthwhile? In: Walters, W.A.W., & Ross, M.W. (eds.), Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1986, 144-151.

    10. Ross, M.W. Causes of gender dysphoria: how does transsexualism develop and why? In: Walters, W.A.W., & Ross, M.W. (eds.), Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1986, 16-25.

    11. Ross, M.W. Social and behavioral aspects of male homosexuality. In: Cooney, T.G., & Ward, T.T. (eds.), AIDS and Other Medical Problems in the Male Homosexual. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1986, 537-549.

    12. Ross, M.W. Psychosocial aspects of AIDS-related syndromes. In: Meeting the Challenge: Papers of the First National Conference on AIDS. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1986, 11-15.

    13. Ross, M.W. Theory of normal homosexuality: a critique and redefinition of homosexual contacts. In: Diamant, L. (ed.), Male and Female Homosexuality: Psychological Approaches. Washington DC: Hemisphere, 1987, 237-259.

    14. Ross, M.W. Gay youth in four cultures: a comparitive study. In: Herdt, G.H.(ed.) Gay Youth. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1989, 299-314.

    15. Ross, M.W., Paulsen, J.A., & Stålström, O.W. Homosexuality and mental health: a cross-cultural review. In: Ross, M.W. (ed.) The Treatment of Homosexuals with Mental Health Disorders. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1988, 131-152.

    16. Ego-dystonic heterosexuality: a case study. In: Ross, M.W. (ed.) The Treatment of Homosexuals with Mental Health Disorders. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1988, 7-11.

    17. Ross, M.W. Psychological perspectives of human sexuality and sexually transmissible diseases. In: Holmes, K.K., Mårdh, P.A., Sparling, P.F., & Wiesner, P.J. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (2nd edn). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990, 55-60.

    18. Ross, M.W. Psychovenereology of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. In: Ostrow, D.G. (ed.) Behavioral Aspects of AIDS and STDs. New York: Plenum Press, 1990, 19-40.

    19. Ross, M.W. Married homosexual men: prevalence and background. In: Bozett, F.W., & Sussman, M.B. (eds) Homosexuality and Family Relations. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1990, 35-57.

    20. Ross, M.W. A taxonomy of global behaviour. In: Tielman, R., Carballo, M., & Hendriks, A. (eds) Bisexuality and AIDS. Buffalo: Prometheus, 1991, 21-26.

    21. Ross, M.W. Male bisexuality in Australia. In: Tielman, R., Carballo, M., & Hendriks, A. (eds) Bisexuality and AIDS. Buffalo: Prometheus, 1991, 127-129.

    22. Ross, M.W. Bisexuality and injecting drug users. In: Tielman, R., Carballo, M., & Hendriks, A. (eds) Bisexuality and AIDS. Buffalo: Prometheus, 1991, 161-163.

    23. Ross, M.W, Wodak, A., Miller, M.E., & Gold, J. Attitudes toward termination of pregnancy and associated risk behaviours in drug-injecting women. In: Mélica, F. (ed.) AIDS and Reproduction. Basel: Karger, 1992, 55-60.

    24. Ross, M.W. Mental health issues of the worker with AIDS or HIV infection. In: Diamant, L. (ed.), Homosexual Issues in the Workplace. Washington DC: Hemisphere, 1993.

    25. Ross, M.W., & Kelaher, M.A. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in heterosexual men and women: the research evidence. In: Sherr, L.(ed.), Heterosexual Aspects of AIDS. London: Harwood, 1993, 253-262.

    26. Ross, M.W. and McLaws, M-L. The theory of reasoned action: predicting AIDS-preventive behaviour in homosexual men. In: Terry D.J., Gallois, C., & McCamish M.M. (eds.), The Theory of Reasoned Action: Its Application to AIDS-Preventive Behaviour. Oxford: Pergamon, 1993, 81-92.

    27. McLaws, M-L., Oldenburg, B., & Ross, M.W. Measurement issues involved in the application of the theory of reasoned action to HIV-preventive behaviour. In: Terry, D.J., Gallois, C., & McCamish M.M. (eds.), The Theory of Reasoned Action: Its Application to AlDS-Preventive Behaviour. Oxford: Pergamon, 1993, 169-184.

    28. Ross, M.W. AIDS and the new public health. In: Waddell, C., & Petersen, A. (eds.) Just Health. Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone, 1994, 323-335.

    29. Bennett, L., Ross, M.W., & Kelaher, M.A. The impact of working with HIV/AIDS on health care professionals: dimensions and measurement. In: van Dis, H., & van Dongen, E. (eds), Burnout in HIV/AIDS Health Care and Support: Impact for Professionals and Volunteers. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1993, 11-21.

    30. Bennett, L., Kelaher, M.A., & Ross, M.W. Burnout and coping in HIV/AIDS health care professionals. In van Dis, H., & van Dongen, E. (eds), Burnout in HIV/AIDS Health Care and Support: Impact for Professionals and Volunteers. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1993, 41-51.

    31. Furner, V. & Ross, M.W. Lifestyle clues in the recognition of HIV infection: how to take a sexual history. In Stewart, G. (ed), Could it be HIV? The Clinical Recognition of HIV Infection. Sydney: Australasian Medical Publishing Company, 1993, 13-14.

      (Second Edition). Sydney: Australasian Medical Publishing Company, 1994, 13-14.

    32. Carne, P.T., Ross, M.W., & Kemp, R.J. A practitioner's guide to HIV testing. In Stewart, G. (ed), Could it be HIV? The Clinical Recognition of HIV Infection. Sydney: Australasian Medical Publishing Company, 1993, 64-65.

      (Second Edition). Sydney: Australasian Medical Publishing Company, 1994, 64-65.

    33. Ross, M.W. Parental rearing, borderline thought disorder and suicidal thought disorder in young adults. In: Perris C., Arrindell, W.A., & Eisemann, M. (eds), Parenting and Psychopathology. Chichester: Wiley, 1994, 253-265.

    34. Richmond, B. & Ross, M.W. Death of a partner: responses to AIDS-related bereavement. In: Sherr, L. (ed.), Grief and AIDS. Chichester: Wiley, 1995, 161-179.

    35. Ross, M.W., Wodak, A., Gold, J. & Miller, M.E. Unterschiede in der sexuallen orienterung im verhältnis zum HIV-riskoverhalten bei intravenös drogenabhängigen. In: Haeberle, E.J & Gindorf, R. (eds), Bisexualitäten: Ideologie und Praxis des Sexualkontaktes mit beiden Geschlechtern. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1994, 310-319.

    36. Stowe, A., Ross, M.W., Wodak, A., Thomas, G.V., & Larson, S.A. Significant relationships and social supports of injecting drug users and their implications for HIV/AIDS services. In: Bor, R., & Elford, J. (eds), The Family and HIV. London: Cassell, 1994, 129-140.

    37. Ross, M.W., Fernández-Esquer, M.E. & Seibt, A. Understanding across the sexual orientation gap: sexuality as culture. In: Landis, D. & Bhagat, R. (eds), Handbook of Intercultural Training (2nd edn). Beverly Hills: Sage, 1995, 414-430.

    38. Ross, M.W., & Ryan, L. The little deaths: perceptions of HIV, sexuality and quality of life in gay men. In: Ross, M.W. (ed.) HIV/AIDS and Sexuality. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1995, 1-20.

    39. Ross, M.W. Societal reaction and homosexuality: acculturation, life events stressors and social supports as mediators of response to homonegative attitudes. In: Rothblum, E.D. & Bond, L.A. (eds), Preventing Heterosexism and Homophobia. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1996, 205-218.

    40. Brimlow, D.L. , & Ross, M.W. HIV-related communication and power in women injecting drug users. In: Roth, N.L. & Fuller, L.K. (eds), Women and AIDS: Negotiating Safer Practices, Care and Representation. New York: Haworth Press, 1997, 71-80.

    41. Ross, M.W. Counselling per i comportamenti omosessuali a rischio. In: Bellotti, G.G. & Bellani, M.L. (eds), Il Counselling nell'Infezione da HIV e nell'AIDS. Milano: McGraw-Hill Libri Italia, 1997, 299-309.

    42. Ross, M.W., & Brimlow, D.L. Counselling di gruppo nell'infezione da HIV. In: Bellotti, G.G. & Bellani, M.L. (eds), Il Counselling nell'Infezione da HIV e nell'AIDS. Milano: McGraw-Hill Libri Italia, 1997, 503-512.

    43. Ross, M.W., and Heitman, E. Hoitoon sopeutuminen ja antiretroviraalinen hoito. In: Stålström, O., Lindblom, B., and Frazier, M. (eds), AIDS-Työn Aikakauskirja 1/97: Suomen AIDS-Tukikeskus, Helsinki, 1997, 28-34.

    44. Coleman, E., Gooren, L., and Ross, M.W. Teorías sobre la transposición de género: crítica y surgencias para anhondar en la investigación. In: Nieto, J.A. (ed.), Transexualidad, transgenerismo y cultura: Antropología, identidad y género. Madrid, Spain: Talasa Ediciones S.L., 1998.

    45. Heitman, E. and Ross, M.W. Ethical issues in the use of new treatments for HIV. In: Ostrow, D.G. & Kalichman, S. C. (eds), Mental Health and Behavioral Issues in New HIV Therapies. New York: Plenum Press, 1999, 113-135.

    46. Ross, M.W., Wodak, A., Gold, J, and Miller, M.E. Differences in sexual orientation in relation to HIV-risk behavior among intravenous drug addicts. In: Haeberle, E.J., and Gindorf, R. (eds), Bisexualities: The Ideology and Practice of Sexual Contact with Both Men and Women. New York: Continuum, 1998, 234-242.

    47. Ross, M.W. Psychological perspectives on sexuality and sexually transmitted diseases. In: Holmes, K.K., Mårdh, P.A., Sparling, P.F., Lemon, S.M., Stamm, W.E., Piot, P. and Wasserheit, J.N. (eds), Sexually Transmitted Diseases (3rd edn). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999, 107-113.

    48. Ross, M.W. and Nilsson Schönnesson, L. HIV/AIDS and sexuality. In: Szuchman, L.T. and Muscarella, F. Psychological Perspectives on Human Sexuality. New York: Wiley, 2000, 383-415.

    49. Ross, M.W. and Kelly, J.A. Interventions to reduce HIV transmission in homosexual men. In Peterson, J.L. and DiClemente, R.J. (eds), Handbook of HIV Prevention. New York: Plenum, 2000, 201-216.

    50. Ross, M.W., and Paul, J.P. Beyond gender: the basis of sexual attraction in bisexual men and women. In: Rodríguez Rust, P.C. (ed.), Bisexuality in the United States: A Social Science Reader. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000, 92-98.

    51. Griffith, K. and Ross, M.W. HIV/AIDS in the workplace. In: Diamant, L. and Lee, J.A. (eds), The Psychology of Sex, Gender and Jobs: Issues and Solutions. Westport: Greenwood, 2001, 185-210.

    52. Ross, M.W. and Kauth, M.R. Men who have sex with men and the Internet: Emerging clinical issues and their management. In: Cooper, A. (ed.,), Sex and the Internet: A Guidebook for Clinicians. New York: Brunner Routledge, 2002, 47-69.

    53. Williams, M., A. Klovdahl, S. Timpson, M. Ross, A. Bowen, and K. Keel. The social network of an HIV/STD core group of drug-using men who exchange sex for money: Preliminary results. The Network Paradigm in Research on Drug Abuse, HIV, and other Blood-Borne and Sexually Transmitted Infections: New Perspectives, Approaches, and Applications. Bethesda: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2002, 15-20.